A22 Churchill Tank in World War II

A22 Churchill Tank in World War II Dimensions: Length: 24 ft. 5 in.Width: 10 ft. 8 in.Height: 8 ft. 2 in.Weight: 42 tons Armor Armament (A22F Churchill Mk. VII): Primary Gun: 75 mm gunSecondary Armament: 2 x Besa Machine GunsArmor: .63 in. to 5.98 in. Engine: Engine: 350 hp Bedford twin-six gasolineSpeed: 15 mphRange: 56 milesSuspension: Coiled SpringCrew: 5 (commander, gunner, loader, driver, co-driver/hull gunner) A22 Churchill - Design Development The origins of the A22 Churchill can be traced back to the days prior to World War II. In the late 1930s, the British Army began seeking a new infantry tank to replace the Matilda II and Valentine. Following the standard doctrine of the time, the army specified that the new tank be capable of traversing enemy obstacles, attacking fortifications, and navigating the shell-cratered battlefields that were typical of World War I. Initially designated the A20, the task of creating the vehicle was given to Harland Wolff. Sacrificing speed and armament to meet the armys requirements, Harland Wolffs early drawings saw the new tank armed with two QF 2-pounder guns mounted in side sponsons.  This design was altered several times, including fitting either a QF 6pounder or a French 75 mm gun in the forward hull, before four prototypes were produced in June 1940.   These efforts were halted following the British evacuation from Dunkirk in May 1940. No longer needing a tank capable of maneuvering through World War I-style battlefields and after assessing Allied experiences in Poland and France, the army retracted the A20 specifications. With Germany threatening to invade Britain, Dr. Henry E. Merritt, director of Tank Design, issued a call for a new, more mobile infantry tank. Designated the A22, the contract was given to Vauxhall with orders that the new design be in production by the end of the year. Frantically working to produce the A22, Vauxhall designed a tank that sacrificed appearance for practicality. Powered by Bedford twin-six gasoline engines, the A22 Churchill was the first tank to utilize the Merritt-Brown gearbox. This allowed the tank to be steered by changing the relative speeds of its tracks. The initial Mk. I Churchill was armed with a 2-pdr gun in the turret and 3-inch howitzer in the hull. For protection, it was given armor ranging in thickness from .63 inches to 4 inches. Entering production in June 1941, Vauxhall was concerned about the tanks lack of testing and included a leaflet in the user manual outlining existing problems and detailing practical repairs to mitigate the issues. A22 Churchill - Early Operational History The companys concerns were well founded as the A22 was soon beset with numerous problems and mechanical difficulties. Most critical of these was the reliability of the tanks engine, which was made worse due to its inaccessible location. Another issue was its weak armament. These factors combined to give the A22 a poor showing at its combat debut during the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid. Assigned to the 14th Canadian Tank Regiment (Calgary Regiment), 58 Churchills were tasked with supporting the mission.  While several were lost before reaching the beach, only fourteen of those that made it ashore was able to penetrate into the town where they were quickly stopped by a variety of obstacles. Nearly canceled as a result, the Churchill was rescued with the introduction of the Mk. III in March 1942. The A22s weapons were removed and replaced with a 6-pdr gun in a new welded turret. A Besa machine gun took the place of the 3-inch howitzer. A22 Churchill - Needed Improvements Possessing a significant upgrade in its anti-tank capabilities, a small unit of Mk. IIIs performed well during the Second Battle of El Alamein.  Supporting the attack of the 7th Motor Brigade, the improved Churchills proved extremely durable in the face of enemy anti-tank fire. This success led to the A22-equipped 25th Army Tank Brigade being dispatched to North Africa for General Sir Bernard Montgomerys campaign in Tunisia. Increasingly becoming the primary tank of British armored units, the Churchill saw service in Sicily and Italy. During these operations, many Mk. IIIs underwent field conversions to carry the 75 mm gun used on the American M4 Sherman. This alteration was formalized in the Mk. IV. While the tank was updated and modified several times, its next major overhaul came with the creation of the A22F Mk. VII in 1944. First seeing service during the invasion of Normandy, the Mk. VII incorporated the more versatile 75mm gun as well as possessed a wider chassis and thicker armor (1 in. to 6 in.). The new variant employed welded construction rather than riveted to reduce weight and shorten production time. Additionally, the A22F could be converted into a flamethrower Churchill Crocodile tank with relative ease. One issue that did arise with the Mk. VII was that it was underpowered. Though the tank had been built larger and heavier, its engines were not updated which further reduced Churchills already slow speed from 16 mph to 12.7 mph. Serving with British forces during the campaign in northern Europe, the A22F, with its thick armor, was one of the few Allied tanks that could stand up to German Panther and Tiger tanks, though its weaker armament meant that it had difficulty defeating them. The A22F and its predecessors were also renowned for their ability to cross rough terrain and obstacles that would have stopped other Allied tanks. Despite its early defects, the Churchill evolved into one of the key British tanks of the war. In addition to serving in its traditional role, Churchill was frequently adapted into specialist vehicles such as flame tanks, mobile bridges, armored personnel carriers, and armored engineer tanks. Retained after the war, the Churchill remained in British service until 1952.

Free Essays on Runways And The Environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Chapter 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Runways and the Environment Chapter 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 Environmental Reviews Chapter 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Interagency Cooperation Chapter 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Public Concerns Conclusion Bibliography Introduction This paper discusses Runways and the Environment. If you’ve ever flown on a commercial air carrier and found yourself sitting at the end of the runway for hours waiting to takeoff, then you are already familiar with problems of our air transport system. Some people suggest making better use of the airways, others say, update our air traffic control systems. But the bottom line is, if you put more planes in the air, they all have to land somewhere. One of the major issues challenging our air transport system is the building or expanding of our runways. And a major hurdle to doing this is the environmental review process. This process should take about 1-2 years to complete but in some cases it takes over 5. The FAA and Congress are making a concerted effort to address this problem. They have come up with several good initiatives to help with over crowdedness at our nations airports. In this paper I will discuss the three I feel are most important Pg. 1 Chapter 1 Runways and the Environment â€Å"The U.S. aviation system is facing a capacity crisis. Airline passenger traffic and cargo growth has exploded since airline deregulation but aviation infrastructure has not kept pace. The rise in passenger complaints and air traffic delays are ... Free Essays on Runways And The Environment Free Essays on Runways And The Environment TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Chapter 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Runways and the Environment Chapter 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 Environmental Reviews Chapter 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Interagency Cooperation Chapter 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Public Concerns Conclusion Bibliography Introduction This paper discusses Runways and the Environment. If you’ve ever flown on a commercial air carrier and found yourself sitting at the end of the runway for hours waiting to takeoff, then you are already familiar with problems of our air transport system. Some people suggest making better use of the airways, others say, update our air traffic control systems. But the bottom line is, if you put more planes in the air, they all have to land somewhere. One of the major issues challenging our air transport system is the building or expanding of our runways. And a major hurdle to doing this is the environmental review process. This process should take about 1-2 years to complete but in some cases it takes over 5. The FAA and Congress are making a concerted effort to address this problem. They have come up with several good initiatives to help with over crowdedness at our nations airports. In this paper I will discuss the three I feel are most important Pg. 1 Chapter 1 Runways and the Environment â€Å"The U.S. aviation system is facing a capacity crisis. Airline passenger traffic and cargo growth has exploded since airline deregulation but aviation infrastructure has not kept pace. The rise in passenger complaints and air traffic delays are ...

Collaborative Problem Solving Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collaborative Problem Solving Model - Essay Example In the thick of the problem students' work in groups, co-operate, and often act as professionals facing problems as they occur without suggesting any boundaries on the part of the teacher. Indeed the information they have may not be sufficient. However, with in the limitations they arrive at solutions, which are far more effective than the traditional teacher centered problem-solving approach. and peers than he/she can achieve by them self. Social interaction is beneficial for the growth of the child. It has also been confirmed by research that peer collaboration can facilitate better performance when one child is more advanced. In brief, the problem-solving ability can heighten when they work together. effectiveness of collaborative problem solving in certain situations. Studies on peer collaboration among school-aged children have sometimes questioned the benefit of collaboration under a certain age. Research has been somewhat inconclusive on this problem. It found that five year-olds were more likely to get involved in discussion and collaboration than 3 year-olds. Moreover, it was found that 5 to 6 year old children performed better, when they worked with a more competent partner than when they worked with a less competent partner. In fact, more research is called for to determine at what age collaborative sharing can be effective (Vermette, 1998). Application of collaborative problem solving can be done in the classroom in reference to an ecosystem. The ecosystem of the saltwater marsh is ideally suited for this study. Any ecosystem has four major components. First, there are the nonliving or abiotic components. The other three components are the living organisms. They are the producers, consumers, and decomposers. The goal of exercise is to develop a deeper understanding of the interdependence with ecosystems by examining how plants and animals are interdependent. The student should also develop enough knowledge about the marsh plants and animals. They should build sufficient vocabulary to explain scientific phenomenon in proper terms. In this study, the ultimate aim is to make a comparative study of the traditional method and the application of collaborative problem solving approach in teaching. For collaborative problem solving study, two standard methods are available, Student Teams-Achievement Division (STAD) and Jigsaw. A Jigsaw classroom method is preferred because it not only helps in collaborative problem solving, but also helps in narrowing down ethnic, cultural, and religious differences among the learners. In the Jigsaw approach, all the students have the opportunity to be a teacher,

Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Tort - Essay Example To begin with, the information is solicited at a party which indicates that in the circumstances, Mary could not have reasonably expected Winston to exercise a degree of care. Secondly, there is no evidence on the facts of the case for discussion indicating the Winston held himself out as having specialized knowledge relative to good used car. It would appear that Mary is relying on the fact that Winston is her boyfriend and this is not the requisite special relationship alluded to in Hedley Byrne. The special relationship referred to is in which the individual relied on for information and advice is in that line of business. Liability for negligent misstatement will not arise in social settings.5 The situation with Errol is quite different as Winston is asked for advice based on his professional capacity as an account executive. Errol wants advice about the Winston’s company’s profitability and sales potential with a view to going into business with Winston. Liability for negligent misstatement would arise where advice or information is sought from a person who is qualified to give that information or advice and it is clear that the information or advice is going to be relied on.6 Therefore Winston owes Errol a duty of care since he is an account executive and owns the business that Errol wants information about for the sole purpose of going into business with Winston. It is clear that Errol will rely on Winston’s information, as Errol is seeking the information for a specific purpose.7 Winston can also be liable to Errol for remaining silent when his boss Felicity fraudulently misled Errol with respect to the insurance policy. Although Felicity is Winston’s boss, Sizzler’s is Winston’s company, the fraud involved information about Sizzler’s insurance policy covering Errol’s new shop. Therefore Felicity is actually Winston’s agent. Under the ruling in Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shi pping Co., the principle is liable for the fraud of an agent who was acting under the principle’s authority.8 Winston will also be liable for negligent misstatement with respect to the reference he provided for Barnie. Barnie was let go from Winston’s employ as a result of restructuring, not for the reasons stated in his reference for Barnie. The fact that Winston believed that his reference was honest is of no consequence since he failed to investigate the facts before committing his reference to paper and distribution. It was held in Cox v Sun Alliance Life Ltd that an employer owed a duty of care to conduct reasonable enquiries into the facts. All negative statements must only be made after conducting a reasonable inquiry or investigation.9 This case confirms an earlier ruling by the House of Lords in which it was ruled that an employer

Presidential Election 2012 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presidential Election 2012 - Term Paper Example At the moment, the polls are very close. In the end, in November 2012, Mitt Romney will be elected president, and Barack Obama will have an early retirement. Barack Obama is a good man, but voters will conclude he is over his head. Voter decision-making processes President Obama took office in 2008, promising to bring hope and change to Washington. Voters were tired and exhausted after eight years under George W. Bush. The Republicans had trouble drumming up support. Obama was like a breath of fresh air. But immediately, his presidency faced major challenges. He had to decide how to deal with the fallout from the financial crisis which was still unraveling. He had to deal with Iraq and the auto industry. These were major challenges. Although President Obama has tried hard on the economy, the results, nearly four years later are not good. Unemployment is still very high. Many political pundits believe that the elections will largely come down to who is a better economic manager. Mitt Romney has many useful credentials as a businessman. Voters, when making a decision, are going to look to Romney’s strong economic credentials and Obama’s weak ones. That is part of the reason they are likely to choose Romney when push comes to shove. They are tired of the way Washington has become. Voters still don’t know who to vote for, the evidence suggests. A recent poll reported in the Washington Post showed that the race was still too close to call. The story concluded as follows: Given recent trends, Obama can point to a gradually improving outlook and Romney can cite his experience as a business leader and appeal to those concerned about their own financial plight. Obama still enjoys a big gender-gap advantage. And the polls show both Romney and Obama are strongly supported by their respective partisans. In most polls, Romney fares well among independents, although not decisively so. Of course, a lot more ups — and downs — lie ahead. (AP) Most critics agree that the better the economy does in the next few months, the better Obama’s chances will be with ordinary voters concerned about pocketbook issues (Dorning). This is something Obama’s people must be very concerned about. Campaign spending Both Romney and Obama are excellent fundraisers. In 2008, Obama used innovative techniques to bring in small donations. He used the Internet. Now he has a new advantage: incumbency. It will be hard for Romney to match him, as these recent figures show: Obama reported a bank balance of $104.1 million after raising $35.1 million in March. That included $7.5 million transferred from a joint fundraising account with the Democratic National Committee. Romney finished March with $10.1 million to spend after raising $13.1 million during the month, his best in the campaign. Through March 31, Obama raised $196.6 million for his re- election, more than twice as much as the cumulative $88.7 million collected by Romney’s campaign. One thing is for sure. This will be the most expensive campaign in American history. Both campaigns will raise hundreds of millions of dollars. With the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Citizens United will also allow outside parties to spend money, in an unaffiliated manner. This probably means more negative ads and untraceable smears. In the end, voters will probably say that they have had enough of Obama. He was given an opportunity to fix the economy but he has been unable to work well with Congress to pass major economic reforms. All he has done is to create more barriers

Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders

Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders. Analyse the concept of dangerousness and critically evaluate its usefulness for the criminal justice system. Dangerousness, is the concept of criminology that is used to attribute those offenders who are deemed to pose a significant risk to the general public but whose actions cannot be made attributable to a specific mental illness.   This therefore means that the administration of their criminal punishment is, by law, to be dealt with by the penal system as opposed to the medical profession.   This paper analyses this concept of dangerousness, which will predominantly take into consideration the difficulties of creating an adequate legal definition for the use of the â€Å"dangerousness† concept as a tool within the modern criminal justice system.   In particular, critical assessment of a possible use for a dangerousness concept will be analysed with reference to difficulties of categorisation of dangerous behaviour and possible usefulness.  Ã‚   Once a use for dangerousness has been identified, this will be analysed with reference to possible impacts on the modern Human Ri ghts regime.   These findings will be cross referenced with the work of the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) and the Multi-Agency Public Protection Panel (MAPPP) in order to determine whether there really is a use for an all encompassing ’dangerousness’ concept in Criminal Justice. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definition of the Concept of Dangerousness Research into the dangerousness concept reveals that it is a character that is attributed to certain criminal offenders.   Floud and Young therefore describe dangerousness as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a pathological attribute of character: a propensity to inflict harm on others in disregard or defiance of the usual social and legal constraints†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The first revelation of the concept of ‘dangerousness’ is, therefore, that it is a notion aimed at the criminal offender.   A second aspect of the concept is that the offender need not be suffering from any form of mental illness.   This does not pose huge problems for the criminal justice function of sentencing, since mental illness is indicative of insanity, which when averred in a court of law, has the effect of acquitting the offender on account of lack of mens rea to commit the crime.   The insane are therefore dealt with by the medical profession on a strictly subjective level in a way that the penal system would be ill equipped to provide.   This was evident in the case of Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, who, after a period of time in prison due to a failed plea of diminished responsibility, was eventually found to be mentally unsound and was placed into psychiatric care. Finally, a third aspect, or perhaps a problem associated with the above definition is that there is little guidance on the classification of behaviour that can be deemed as dangerous.   This will be dealt with below.   In relation to this, there is no assistance in the determination of the boundaries between dangerous and non-dangerous offenders.   B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dangerousness as a useful tool for the criminal justice system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definition of Criminal Justice In order to assess a potential tool for the Criminal Justice system, it is essential to know exactly what Criminal Justice is in order to identify its specific requirements for potential, useful tools.   Criminal Justice is highly complex for the simple reason that it is a system operated by various institutions including the police, the crown prosecution service, the criminal defence service, the courts, the probation service and the prison service to name but a few.   Sanders and Young have however identified one key principle of all institutions that are instrumental in the Criminal Justice system, which is to regulate:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"potential, alleged and actual criminal activity within procedural limits supposed to protect the citizen from wrongful treatment and wrongful conviction†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Requirements for dangerousness to be a useful tool Dangerousness, as a tool within this system, therefore requires to be instrumental in the regulation of alleged and actual criminal activity.   Dangerousness itself would fit into the criminal justice modal as a legal term for the attribution of certain offenders but, in doing so, it must have a functional use beyond mere classification.   As a tool within a fair legal system that is governed by the Human Rights Act 1998, it is also necessary that the definition of dangerousness is clear and precise so that offenders are given the benefit of full transparency of the law. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A function beyond mere classification? What is the function of dangerousness?   In 1981, Fleud and Young presented their publication on the discussion of dangerousness as a classification of individuals for the purpose of imposing predictive judgements:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"†¦for sentencing purposes a man should only be judged ‘dangerous’ if it can be predicted that he will commit a future offence with something like the degree of particularity and certainty with which we could reckon to establish the fact that he committed a past offence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  While this is certainly a function for the tool of ‘dangerousness’ in the criminal justice system, ‘dangerousness,’ as a designation that leads to predictive judgement, is a blatant attack on the concept of ‘innocent until proven guilty‘. This is clearly pronounced by the fact that all criminal acts are determined in a court of law using the standard of ‘beyond reasonable doubt,’ and that the evidential burden of proof lies with the prosecution as opposed to the defendant.   This also profoundly supported by Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) which categorically stipulates the right to a free trial. In addition, our current criminal justice system employs initiatives that are geared towards the rehabilitation of the offender, which means that modern day imprisonment is not only a fulfilment of the requirement to protect the public, but is also a means of educating the offender for the purpose of development of re-integration into society.   The premise for preventative detention would suggest that the offender is past hope for such rehabilitation. Any form of incarceration for reasons other than the determined sentence administered through the channel of a fair trial must be given the most absolute and strict scrutiny.   This is the basis upon which the extended detention of forty-eight hours under s 41(3) of the   Terrorism Act 2000is based and, under strict circumstances laid out in Schedule 8, this period of detention may be extended.   The significance for ‘dangerousness’ is that, as a concept of criminal justice that facilitates extended incarceration, there would require to be a clear, precise and strict declaration of parameters to determine the situations that would give rise to ‘dangerousness’ without which there can be no certainty in the law governed by Human Rights concepts. These findings therefore show that preventative detention can now never take place in line with Human Rights but does this mean that dangerousness is a concept that is fully obsolete?   This in not the case when we examine the operation in the modern era of the organisation of MAPPA, which was set up in 2001 under the authority provided by the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000.   MAPPA is a supervisory, regulatory body that monitors offenders that are deemed to be dangerous to the public. Far from being a hindrance to the Human Rights concept, MAPPA bridges the gap between, the right to Liberty of the offender who has served time in prison, and supervision for the protection of the public.   MAPPA is also a clever way of allowing for the continued adherence to Article 5 (ECHR) by facilitating the monitoring function of MAPPA as justified by the fact of a right to liberty and security of person under Article 5 for the general public.   This is given priority over an absolute right to Article 5 protection for the dangerous offender.   The approach is therefore intended to be the proportionate measure that finds adequate compromise between the rights of the general public on the one hand, and the offender on the other.   This therefore allows for qualified freedom within a more specialised version of the traditional practice of probation.   D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finding parameters for dangerous behaviour As a premise from which to determine the ‘dangerousness’ in behaviour, types of criminal behaviour that fall into this category would be all forms of criminal offence that would be considered as creating risk of ‘grave harm to others’.   A traditional viewpoint for this concept is to include such violent crimes as murder, rape and all other forms of assault.   In addition, this umbrella can also include crimes where there is a less direct aim at bodily harm, such as dangerous driving, arson and other wilful destruction of property.   However, the list can be endless!   The problem of attribution of dangerousness to specific crimes is solved under the MAPPA model by limiting the supervisory scheme to violent and sex offenders.   In addition, the high risk offenders are referred to the more specialised MAPPP.   The powers of both organisations are found under the Sexual Offences Act and Criminal Justice Act 2003, in which the responsibility for supervision of dangerous offenders is granted to the Police, Prison and Probation Services who are collectively referred to as the ‘Responsible Authority.’ This model does however leave open two ongoing problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dangerous behaviour is still not necessarily confined to violence and sex offences From a criminal justice point of view, the focus on specific types of behaviour, although initially pointing to violent crimes, does ignore the fact that grave harm can be inflicted in other ways such as the committal of fraud, embezzlement and money laundering.   In fact, these types of crimes have the potential of creating far more widespread harm than that of conventional acts of violence.   There is equally a distinct social difference between the physically violent spectrum of criminal behaviour and the so-called white-collar criminal activity involved in crimes of deception.   This first problem therefore reveals that ‘dangerousness’ should not be limited to acts of violent and sexual nature but it continues to reveal the fact that any potential list of ‘dangerous crimes’ must be finite in order to preserve certainty in the law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vast focus on the offender ignores the social context of crime Not only is it clear that dangerous crimes need not be exclusively of the violent and sexual nature, but the focus of ‘dangerousness’ is wrong in that it draws attention to the criminal and the crime as opposed to the social problem that generated the criminal behaviour.   As shown via illustration of the problem associated with the classification of ‘dangerous’ crimes, there are many social contexts that are capable of creating certain criminal activity.   A mere focus on the offender does nothing to hit hard at the root of the problem and the criminal justice system simply continues to imprison and punish offenders from the breeding grounds of, on the one hand, deprived and poverty stricken areas, and on the other, hand, corrupt administrative institutions.   Dangerousness therefore not only ignores problems in society, but in doing so, it misses out on the wide variety of types of criminal activity that can be generated across the spectrum of social environments.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Counter arguments It must however be remembered that there are other forms of supervisory mechanisms in place for the future prevention of non-violent and dangerous crimes such as embezzlement.   These include the striking off of Directors from the board of directors following criminal activity.   Furthermore, in relation to the targeting of social problems associated with specific areas of the country, John Prescott is currently heading one of the most comprehensive and widespread re-generation programs in UK history. Conclusion Dangerousness, as a legal concept, has extremely limited scope and the MAPPA model is merely a Human Rights friendly method of supervision that has utilised the word dangerous to describe violent and sex offenders.   While the dangerousness concept has the potential to go far further than this small window of crimes, it is as a result of the complexities inherent in dealing with various crimes and their diverse social backgrounds that dangerousness cannot become a single operation within the criminal justice system.   Instead, its usefulness is merely that of a non-legal but linguistic adjective to different crimes that require diverse preventative measures. Bibliography Legislation Sexual Offences Act 2003Criminal Justice Act 2003Terrorism Act 2000Human Rights Act 1998 (European Convention of Human Rights) Case LawR v Sutcliffe, The Times, 23 May 1981 Textbook PublicationsJ Floud and W Young, â€Å"Dangerousness and Criminal Justice,† (Cambridge Studies in Criminology XLVII, 1981)A Ashworth, â€Å"Principles of Criminal Law,† (Oxford University Press, 4th edition, 2003)A Sanders and R Young, â€Å"Criminal Justice,† (Butterworths, 2nd edition, 2000) Web Resources The Labour party: www.labour.org.uk/jpbattlebusThe Home Office: www.probation.homeoffice.gov.uk

Essay --

During the early 1970s, formal financial reporting standard setting activities were commenced. On 10 September 1971, a technical committee was formed in 1971 with the remit to act on a letter dated sent by Bank Negara to the President of Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA). Nowadays, MACPA is now known as Malaysia Institutes of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA). MACPA was set up by individuals as a private association in 1958 (Susela 1999). After an extended pause marked by a high level of inactivity, the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) was approached to develop a standard in 1987. MIA has been set up in 1987 by the State as a statutory body to regulate the accounting profession. Therefore, both MACPA and the MIA committed to a process of joint work towards the objective of the development of a Malaysian accounting standard for goodwill. Based on Ahmad & Ishak (2003), an element of that agreed course of action, on July 1, 1987 the President of MIA and the President of MACPA signed a joint Circular to members enclosing a questionnaire inviting com...

Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility

Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER ONE: 1. 0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION The Islamic concept of Al-Ijarah Thumma al-bay’ refers to lease or hire or rent ending with purchase. It is a type of lease which concludes with option to buy back which is concludes the legal title of the leased asset and will be passed to the lessee at the end of the period.It is one of the contemporary innovative products which are design to meet the public demand at the same time, securing long term competitiveness in the financial market. AITAB comprised two contracts which are al-ijarah (leasing or renting) and followed by al-bay’ (sale) contract. Al-Ijarah: a contract whereby the lessor (Islamic bank) will rent the assets to the lessee (customer) over a certain period and at the end monthly rental amount as agreed by both parties. (Khir et al. 2008) Al-Bay’: upon completion of the rental period or upon the early settlement the lessor will then enter into the sale contract with the lessee to sell the asset at a pre-agreed selling price. (Khir et al. , 2008) Al-ijarah and al-bay’ are both categorised under the contract of exchange. The former relate to the exchange of usufruct for money, while latter involves the exchange of good for money. In AITAB the contract of al-ijarah runs separately from the contract of al-bay’. Since both contracts are executed in a sequence.A new contract AITAB can be used to describe the process of converting an Ijarah into a sale contract. (Khir et al. , 2008) AITAB is one of the contemporary innovative approaches in the Islamic hire purchase instrument which is an alternative product to conventional hire purchase. The significant difference between the two is that Islamic hire purchase is a unique contract involving a combination of two different contracts, thus involving a number of legal and shariah issues. It 1 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 calls for special rules on leasing and sale at different stages of the transactions in the light of shariah. It refers to owning the benefit of certain assets for a specific period of time, by paying an agreed sum of rental, with an agreement that the owner will transfer the rented asset to the hirer at the end of the agreed period or during the period, provided all rental payments or instalments have been made in entirety.The transfer of ownership is affected by a new and independent contract, either by giving the asset as a gift, or selling it at an agreed price. (AlZuhayli, 2002) Conventional hire-purchase, the product is considered as a loan to which interest rate and hiring charges would be applicable and in case of late payment of instalment price, interest would accumulate. But in Islamic hire-purchase, the product is considered as a mode of financing, not a loan and the product would have a profit rate and a mark-up and for late payment of instalment price, only late payment charge pre-agreed would be applicable. Billah) Based on the statements above, the researcher conduct the study among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to identify the most significantly criteria’s such as perception, competency among car dealers and bank officer and awareness can influence them in order to accept Islamic hire purchase facility. The result for the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility will be collected by distributed the questionnaire to 200 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan.After that, the analysis will be interpreted by using the SPSS 20. 0 program. 2 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN ESTABLISHMENT HISTORY Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan history start when th e director first (formerly called Penguasa Pelajaran) namely Encik Mohd Ghazali B. Mohd Ariffn designate at year 1992. He then awarded with the title Dato' Bentara Luar and work until year 1930.The office first located in building known by the name of â€Å"Pejabat Panjang†, namely a building nearby Istana Kota Lama. Then in year 1930 an on the other hand Pejabat Pelajaran move on the other hand to other building known by the name of â€Å"Pejabat Pohon Celagi† namely Kelantan State Secretary building, nearby old office building. In year 1965 the office move on the other hand to new building namely Bangunan Persekutuan that is today. From year 1922 to 18 august 1998 there are 25 people Director.They are made up 13 people noble Malay, 10 people noble English and 2 people that noble Chinese. Director Encik Saw Chee Ling had given his service for 12 years. Since colonial era until today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has been expanding rapidly him in effort increase t his quality education in accordance with Education Philosophy policy country. Today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has owned 10 sectors that include Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan dan Pembangunan, Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, Sektor Pengurusan Akademik and Sektor Pendidikan Islam.Under this department also be established State Educational Technology Division. While at district level on the other hand was constituted ten parts of Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah namely Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kota Bharu, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Mas, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tumpat, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Puteh, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Bachok, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tanah Merah, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Machang, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kuala Krai, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Gua Musang and Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Jeli. Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS Dual banking syste m imposes by Bank Negera Malaysia affecting the demand for Islamic financial product. This situation has influenced some staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to choose Islamic or conventional hire purchase loan for buying car. In this study, staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase facility implies whether they are really known about the AITAB operation itself.Researcher also identify common perception toward AITAB contract which is profit charge are too costly, penalty charge for late payment, accordance with syariah guideline and more Researcher also knows car dealers and bank officers also as importance key player toward acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility. Thus, researcher also identify common problem about competency among car dealers and bank officer whether among them are lack of knowledge about Islamic financial product.Others problem that researcher identify is awareness among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan itself whether they aware about Isl amic Hire Purchase facility or not. The common problem on awareness among staff is what Islamic Hire Purchase have compared to conventional, the existence of Islamic financial product, the modus operandi of the AITAB contract itself and more. I. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY There are several objectives that have been developed in this research as the following:I. II. III. To examine staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase facility.To identify competency among car dealers and bank officers. To evaluate effects of awareness among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, researcher identifies the most contributing factor of acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan is awareness. This had be proven by Pearson correlation relationship at r = 0. 837 4 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study will f ocus on the acceptance towards Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’, Islamic hire purchase facility among staffs in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, researcher had pick up about 200 staff from the population of 460 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan as are respondents to complete the questionnaire. The respondent of this study are all staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan which are mostly involve in hire purchase facility that offered by Islamic and conventional bank. The researcher has chosen this area because of high population. 1. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The first limitation is that the probability of absenteeism of the respondent due to leave or outstation since all respondents is the staff of Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The second limitation is lack of knowledge. Researcher does not have experience and never been exposed in making a complete research in the university. Researchers will facing difficulties to understand the word using by the r espondent. The third limitation is uncooperative respondent. In process of gathering the information, researcher will need to collect data through the questionnaire.However, it can be difficult to gain full cooperation and commitment from the respondent and they may think that it does not give any advantage to them. Respondent also will take a very long time to answer the questionnaire and it also will make the researcher take a long time to analysis the data. Corporate constraint also can be a limitation in this study because the respondent cannot give hundred percent performances in answer the questionnaire. 5 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 6 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDYTo the Manager Help the manager to identify the behaviour of his subordinates and how they react towards the acceptance of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as their source of car financing. To the researcher It will provide better understanding and can give new knowledge to the researcher. The study will be conducted to give a clear picture on the staff’s awareness and acceptance on the AlIjarah Thumma Al-Bay’ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. The result of the study will help the researcher to know the stuff’s perceptions towards factors that influence stuffs decisions in accepting Islamic Financing Product.To the public The data gathered in this study can help the individual to gain more knowledge about the important and benefits of accepting Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as part of their source of car financing. This study may increase the level of awareness and create acceptance among public about Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’ Islamic Hire Purchase financing as their source of car financing decisions. To others The information may be used by the financial institution to improve the services related with Islamic Car Financing product. This study may provide useful information for further research in this area of interest.The findings of this study could provide some form of empirical data for future research in this area. It could perhaps also help in the more effective implementation of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’ Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. 6 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 To the bank There are a lot of benefits of this research to the bank. From this research, it will provide information to the bank on the real scenario. Therefore, the bank can use this information and results to improve its management, services, efficiency and etc.In fact, with this research it will help the bank to come out with new strategies and solutions to monitor its profitability and can improve its performance. Thus, the bank can also use the recommendations suggested by the researcher to improve its performance an d position. 7 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 7 DEFINITION OF TERM Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay’ In the context of Islamic finance, the ijarah concept is usually applicable in financing contracts such as in real property financing, vehicle financing, project financing and personal financing.There are also financing products that enable customers to lease assets from Islamic financial institutions with an option to acquire the leased assets at the end of the lease tenure based on the concept of ijarah muntahia bi al-tamlik or al-ijarah thumma al-bai (Bank Negera M. , 2010) Perception Customers’ perceptions are often identified by their level of satisfaction towards particular products or services. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) Competency More competent, knowledgeable employees are more likely to design processes and deliver services that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010).Awaren ess Research on bank patronage in Malaysia find that almost 100 per cents of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the existence of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994) Acceptance AITAB is a name which capture a public acceptance because it provides better features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) 8Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER TWO: 2. 0 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is important as references and as a guideline to the researcher in conducting research and to search the information. It also used as the supporter to the study that will be conducted. This chapter will discuss about the literat ure review which relevant to the topic of the study. The purpose is to ensure that no important variable that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. . 1 Acceptance AITAB is a name which capture a public acceptance because it provides better features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. For example, many corporate customers come to Bank Pembangunan to purchase machinery through AITAB facility, because they know the benefits that the facility has to offer, for example, full margin of financing and lower penalty for late payment. Nurdianawati, 2006) Other finding shown AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. (Bank Negara, 1998) A survey in United Kingdom found the demand for Islamic financing will grow in future if Islamic banks pratice the correct marketing measures. In the research, five (5 %) percents of muslim in United Kingdom are loyal customers to the Islamic financial services.Majority of muslim are still comfortable with the conventional financial services, while only a quater of muslims tend to show preference for Islamic finance. (Humayon, 2004) 9 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 2 Perception Nowadays, in the dual banking system that had been practice by Malaysia giving an effect to the consumer to choose either Islamic Hire Purchase or Conventional hire purchase. Mostly Muslim customers claim that there are no differences between Islamic Hire-Purchase and Con ventional Hire Purchase.Islamic banking products are available at two full pledged Islamic banks and at all commercial and merchant banks in Malaysia. However, these products are still not fully accepted by customers. According to Norafifah Ahmad and Sudin Haron (2002), at the end of 2000, total deposit at conventional banks was RM381 billion while total deposit in Islamic Financial Institution was RM31 billion. In the case of loans, RM416 billion was extended by conventional system, and RM21 billion was given by Islamic system. This results indicates that perception of Conventional System were far good than Islamic financial system.Islamic Hire purchase (AITAB) provides better features compared to conventional hirepurchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. Moreover AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. Nurdianawati, 2006) Perceptions of Malaysian corporate customers of Islamic banking products and services indicated that Islamic banks were not the main choice because of the lack of knowledge. More than half of the respondents (65 %) said they had limited knowledge of the Islamic banking system. This study shows that Islamic banks have not conducted enough programmes to educate people or promote their products to the public. (Norafifah Ahmad, 2002) 10 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012They showed that 63 % of Muslim respondents possess limited knowledge of IBF. They do not fully understand the operation of IBF even though Islamic banking has been establ ished in Malaysia for more than twenty years. This factor has led to low usage of Islamic banking facilities among the Muslim respondents. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994). A similar situation occurred in Singapore, where only 22. 6 percent of Muslims deposit money in Islamic banks solely because of religion (Gerrard, 1997) Another important indicator determining customers’ positive or negative perception is their patronage criteria towards the service provider.In one of the earliest patronage studies on Islamic banking, Erol and El-Bdour (1989) discovered that the most important criteria considered by customers in patronising Islamic banks are provision of fast and efficient services, the bank’s reputation and image, and confidentiality. Others study found that religion is not the main factor encouraging Muslims to choose Islamic banks to hold their funds. Their findings also indicate that bank customers perceived no difference between the services offered by Islamic and co nventional banks, the former being perceived as merely duplicating the latter. Erol C. K. -B. , 1990). In addition, many of muslim also doubt of shariah permissibility on the Islamic banking instrument. (Humayon, 2004) In Malaysia, customers’ positive perception towards Islamic banking is far more crucial mainly due to the fact that Islamic banks have to compete with the long established conventional banks in a dual-banking system. Since 1983, Malaysia to date has a dual banking system, whereby the Islamic banking system operates in parallel with the conventional system.The former is currently represented by 27 banking institutions, comprising nine Islamic banks and 18 conventional banking institutions (eight commercial banks, four merchant banks and six discount houses) offering Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS), also known as Islamic windows. (Bank Negera, 2005) 11 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among st aff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 3 Competency Customers also may not to choose Islamic Hire Purchase facility for their car financing due to lack of competency among car dealers and bank officers.Most car dealer claimed there is no differences between Islamic and conventional thus give impact to costumer’s decision. The misleading view of AITAB among the customers is partly contributed by the lack of experience and knowledge among bank officers in giving correct and satisfactory explanation about AITAB. Some of these bank officers do not even understand the distinction between AITAB and conventional hire-purchase. Many proclaim that both products are similar especially with regards to its documents, procedures and governance.Hence, they are unable to highlight the advantages and benefits of AITAB as compared to conventional hirepurchase. (Nurdianawati, 2006) More competent, knowledgeable employees are more likely to design processes and deliver ser vices that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010). In addition, development of appropriate employee skills and competencies is important determinant of better service quality and favorable consumer perceptions about service delivery (Chung, 2002) Furthermore, a dealer acts as a middleman between a financial institution and a customer.In Malaysian context, the customer usually approaches the dealer first for the purpose of purchasing a particular vehicle before applying hire-purchase facility from a financial institution. In fact, the customer’s choice between conventional and Islamic financing facility depends mostly on the dealer’s explanation and recommendation. Ideally, a dealer with a high Islamic conscience proposes AITAB to the customer and able to explain how the facility works, its advantages and differences from conventional facility. However, not all dealers are equipped with in-depth understanding of AITAB facility.Thus, it is expected that they would not be able to educate their customers accordingly. In reality these dealers even tend to propose conventional facility either because their understanding of AITAB is limited or they 12 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 do not want to expose their customers to an unnecessarily complicated situation. (Nurdianawati, 2006). In addition, many dealers that are lack in understanding of AITAB facility assume the facility offered by Islamic and conventional bank are totally same.They only concern with their commission for their sales. 2. 4 Awareness. Haron et al. (1994) who pioneered in the research on bank patronage in Malaysia find that almost 100 per cent of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the existence of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. In Singapore, a study by Gerrard and Cunningham (1997) rev ealed that the Singaporeans, Muslims or non-Muslims, are generally unaware of the principles of Islamic banking.Study in Humayon (2004) shown some of the muslims may not aware of the Islamic financial instrument in the financial market. Others study on Singapore by Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) revealed that only 40 percent of Muslim customers consider religion as an important factor in patronizing banks. Similarly, there is general lack of awareness of Islamic banking system among Singaporean communities, be they Muslims or non-Muslims. These results suggest that Islamic banks do not need to rely on the religious factor as a strategy in attracting customers, but they should focus more on provision of quality and efficient services.One of the contributing factors to this absence of awareness among Muslims is the lack of understanding of Islamic banking. A study conducted in Singapore showed that only 20. 7 percent know the meaning of ‘Riba’ and 31 percent know the me aning of Shari’ah. The study also showed that only 3 percent can explain accurately the meaning of Ijarah, Mudarabah 13 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 and Musharakah.Surprisingly, no one could explain accurately the meaning of Murabaha (Gerrard, 1997) Rammal and Zurbruegg (2006) found that it is important for financial institution to understand the dynamism of customer segmentation, build customer relationship and address requirement and preferences of specific segments. By doing so, it will boost up customer identification and create awareness among consumers. This finding then supported by Harun et al. (1992) where there is no significant difference between Muslims and Non-Muslims in their selection criteria.Islamic banking product used different names for their product and it has cause several difficulties and misunderstanding by customers, some claimed that it is a religious prod uct that only meant for Muslims, and some just find it too difficult to learn the names therefore they stay away (Nordin, 2001). According to them again, what is actually taught to the Malaysians since their pre-school period is aqidah and understanding of Islamic principles but little emphasis is given to the mu’amalat or the daily transaction activities according to Islam.In another study of Malaysian commercial customers and their views of Islamic financial services, Haron et al. (2002) noted that 65% of the respondents admitted to having limited knowledge of Islamic banking, while at the same time indicating that they believed the concept had good potential in the Malaysian market. Bley and Kuehn (2004) found a high level of ignorance among the 300 interviewed Muslim with regard to what constitutes acceptable Islamic finance principles. He reported that the higher the religious commitment and the lower the level of general education, the stronger the preference for Islami c over conventional finance.His study also revealed that overall; students’ knowledge of conventional and Islamic finance terms and concepts was surprisingly low among students in United Arab Emirates. 14 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, it will focus on the research methodology that will use in this study. In essence, research methodology will provide researcher the needed information that guides researcher to make informed decisions to successfully deal with the problems.The information gathered could be the result of the analysis of data gathered firsthand or the data that are already available. Research methodology will presents the nature of study, data sources, pilot study and reliability test, data collection and data analysis technique. 3. 1 POPULATION AND SAMPLING DESIGN According to Sekaran, (2006), population is a complete group of entities sharing some common set of characteristics. For this research the population is among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu.This research is using sampling frame; meaning is concerned with the selection of a subset of individual from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. (Malhotra, 2004) in his writing define sample frame as a lists of elements from which a sample may be drawn for identifying the target population. A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. In this research, the sampling frame is the staff at Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The populations taken are 200 from 460 staff. 3. 2 SAMPLE SIZE Sample is a subset, or some part, of a large population.In research, sampling is important because the researcher intend to come up with accurate and reliable findings in order to be able use for further research. The sample size for this study is the actual numb er of subjects chosen as a sample to represent the population characteristics, which is according to Sekaran, (2006). Refer to Roscoe (1975), sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for most research. So, the researcher decided that the sample of 200 15 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 respondents is appropriate to represent the population of staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 3. 3 SAMPLING METHOD Sampling is the process of selecting items from the population so that the sample characteristics can be generalized to the population. Sampling involves both design choice and sample size decisions (Sekaran, 2006). The idea of sampling is to select a few samples from a bigger group known as population, so that it becomes a basis for estimating or predicting a fact, situation or outcome regarding the actual number of group under study.The method used for this study is co nvenience sampling. It is the method of drawing samples that does not impose any restrictions. This is also the least reliable sampling that is cheap and convenience. 3. 3. 1 Convenience Sampling Technique Convenience sampling refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available to provide it (Sekaran, 2006). Meanwhile, Cooper and Schindler (2006), defined convenience sampling is non-probability sampling where researchers use any readily available individuals as participants.It is the most often used during the exploratory phase of the research project and it is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly and efficiently. 3. 4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In this research, the data gathered parallel to the objectives of the study. The methods of data collection that the researcher used to collect the data were primary data and secondary data. 16 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 4. 1 PRIMARY DATA It is the data collected for a specific purpose from original sources.Primary data been obtained by distribution of the respondents selected. The entire questionnaires are collected personally. In this research, the primary data was collected from the personally administered questionnaire. Personally Administered Questionnaire The questionnaire has been designed according to the needs of the topic study. It is to ensure that the respondents would be fully understood and answer all the questions since there is personal administered question. In designing the questionnaire’s questions, the content, structure and appearance would give an impact to the respondents’ attitude.Thus, all these things should be properly organized. In the questionnaire designs, the researcher divided it into 3 sections which include as follows: Section A – Section A comprises questions pertaining to their personal par ticulars. The first part of the questionnaire was divided into 2 areas of information. One was on the personal information and the one on others Islamic financial product. Section B – Section B focused on obtaining information on dependent variable. It is the customer selection criteria for bank. This section is designed by using a Likert Scale.The student had to circle the appropriate response with the statement from a scale of (1-5) ranging from the caption ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’. Through the 5 point scale, the researcher could decide to what the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Section C Criteria I – Criteria I focused on obtaining information on effect of perception in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point 17 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 scale wills response of the participant toward on perception towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Criteria II – Criteria II focused on obtaining information on effect of competency in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward on competency among bank officer and car dealers towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan.Criteria III – Criteria III focused on obtaining information on effect of awareness in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward awareness in towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan 3. 4. 2 SECONDARY D ATA Secondary data were obtained through searching the journal which published reported of previous researchers that different in authors, perceptions and theories. The data and information are also gathered from the website. 8 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The research model shows that the dependent variable is the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This dependent variable is expected to have a significant relationship with personal characteristics, perception, competency and awareness as independent variables. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE Perception Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Competency Awareness Figure 3. 5. 1: The Theoretical Framework of the study.RESEARCH VARIABLES Two main types of variables that are used in this research include dependent variable and independent variable. DEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable that used in this study is Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The independent variables that are used in this research are perception, competency and awareness. 19 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 6 HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis 1 (Perception) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and c ompetency.Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. 3. 7 DATA ANALYSIS AND ADMINISTRATION Data analysis is a procedure to analyze data or information that obtains during the research. In order to achieve the research objective, the data that been obtained from the respondent must answered or fulfill the expectations.In this research, the researcher wants to measure which is the most significant criteria in acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 20 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 The procedure of the analysis that used is by using the SPSS 20. 0 s oftware application. All the data from the questionnaire that answered by the respondents had been analyze using this software. The process of entailing earrangement, breaching down, reduction and separation of data into as many as needed to determine their nature, relative important, functions and interrelationships. In completing this study, it will includes some basis data analysis including reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression by using SPSS 20. 0 program. 3. 7. 1 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS According to Sekaran (2006), the reliability of a measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability.Consistency indicates how well the items measuring a concept hang together as a set. The reliability will ensure to test the data. Reliability is an attest to the consistency and stability of the measure instrument. The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measure across time and across the various items in the instrument. The most commonly reliability test that has used is Cronbach’s Alpha. The Cronbach’s Alpha can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it range in value from 0 to 1. 3. 7. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS According to Cooper and Schindler (2006), frequency distribution is ordered array of all values for a variable. In order to analyze the whole information of research question based on respondent’s profile information of the respondents such as gender, marital status, level of income and age. Frequency distribution is also simply reports the number of the responses that each questions received. It is the simplest way of determining the empirical distributions of the variables. The frequency distribution is a display of the frequency occurrence of each score value.The frequency distribution can be display is many form such as tabular and graphical form. In this study, the frequency distribution had be en measure the questionnaire in section A that it is about respondent’s profile such as gender, age, race, 21 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 religion, level of education, marital status, salary, sector and had been used any Islamic financial product. 3. 7. 3 PEARSON’S CORRELATION ANALYSIS The other name of Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is Pearson Correlation Matrix.The coefficient of correlation is used to determine the magnitude, direction and significant level of relationship between dependent and independent variables. As a descriptive technique, it is very powerful since this method indicates whether variables share is something in common with each other. 3. 7. 4 MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS The multiple regressions describe the strength of the linear relationship between two variables when one is considered the independent variable and the other is the dependent var iable (Cooper and Schindler, 2006).Regression is a powerful tool for summarizing the nature of the relationship between variables and for making predictions of likely values of the dependent variables. Regression analysis aids in understanding how much of the variance in the dependent variable may be explained by a set of predictors. For regression coefficient, estimates, model fit and R squared change are chosen in this study. 22 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4. 0 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter, the researcher will identify the questionnaires response rate from the respondents. After collecting the data, now the researcher able to analyze and interpret it using the SPSS 20 software. Techniques using in interpreting data is by using reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression in SPSS programs. These steps are impor tant to see the relationship between the variables and to know the variables are significant or not. 4. 1 FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS A frequency analysis shows the frequency of occurrence of each score value of the research data.The objective is to obtain a count of number of responses associated with different values of the variable. This analysis is appropriate and suitable to analyze the question in Section A which is respondents profile such as gender, race, religion, level of education, maritial status, age, salary, sector, used others Islamic finance product. TABLE 4. 1. 1 Frequency of Section A- Demographics’ profile Statistics GENDER AGE RACE RELIGION LEVEL EDUCATION MARITIAL STATUS SALARY SECTOR OTHERS ISLAMIC FINANCIAL PRODUCT Valid N Missing Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Std.Error of Skewness Minimum Maximum 0 1. 58 2. 00 2 . 496 . 246 -. 306 . 172 1 2 0 2. 44 2. 00 2 . 889 . 790 . 068 . 172 1 4 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 240 . 058 5. 207 . 172 1 3 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 208 . 043 4. 423 . 172 1 2 0 2. 71 3. 00 4 1. 215 1. 475 . 006 . 172 1 5 0 1. 83 2. 00 2 . 419 . 175 -1. 081 . 172 1 3 0 3. 09 3. 00 3 1. 206 1. 455 . 616 . 172 1 6 0 3. 59 3. 00 1 2. 617 6. 847 . 872 . 172 1 10 0 3. 05 3. 00 5 1. 583 2. 506 -. 021 . 172 1 5 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 23 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012Profile (n=200) Gender Male Female Age 21 – 30 years 31 – 40 years 41 – 50 years 51 years and above Race Malay Chinese Indian Religion Islam Buddha Level Education SPM STPM Diploma Bachelor Degree Maritial Status Single Married Others Salary RM 1000 and Below RM1001 – RM2000 RM2001 – RM3000 RM3001 – RM4000 RM4001 – RM5000 RM5001 and Above Sector Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan & Pembangunan Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik Sektor Pengurusan & Pembangunan Sektor Pendidikan Islam Sektor Penilaian & Pep eriksaan Sektor Jaminan Kualiti Sektor Psikologi & Kaunseling Sektor ICT Other Islamic Financial Product Islamic Vehicle Financing Islamic House Financing Islamic Personal Financing Islamic Credit Card Takaful Frequency Percent Valid percent 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 Cumulative percent 42. 5 100. 0 15. 0 53. 5 88. 0 100. 0 95. 5 99. 5 100. 0 95. 5 100. 0 21. 0 46. 5 66. 0 96. 0 100. 0 19. 0 98. 5 100. 0 4. 5 36. 69. 5 85. 0 96. 0 100. 0 30. 0 44. 5 60. 5 65. 5 75. 5 88. 5 91. 0 97. 5 100. 0 25. 5 42. 5 56. 5 71. 0 100. 0 85 115 30 77 69 24 191 8 1 191 9 42 51 39 60 8 38 159 3 9 64 66 31 22 8 60 29 32 10 20 26 5 13 5 51 34 28 29 58 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 24 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 2. 1 provides an exploration of the sample for the investigation.The total number of respondents was 200 and the demographic profile of the respondents is shown in table. Among the demographic profile of respondents discussed are gender, age, race, religion, level education, maritial status, salary, sector and used others islamic financial product. Respondents were 42. 5% from male group and 57. 5% of female group. From the race‘s profile, 95. 5% of the respondents are malay, 4. 0% of the respondents are chinese and 0. 5% respondents are indian. Besides that, percentages of the religion profile, 95. 5% of the respondent are Islam and followed by 4. 5% respondent are buddha. Meanwhile, in terms of level education, 21. % of the respondents are SPM, 25. 5% of STPM, 19. 5% of Diploma, 30. 0% of Bachelor and 4. 0% of Master. The majority of respondents are married which indicated 79. 5%, 19. 0% are single and followed by others 1. 5%. Reviewing on the age‘s profile, 15. 0% of respondents were in the ages between 21 – 30 years old, 38. 5% were between 31 – 40 years old, 34. 5% were the age of 41 – 50 years old and 12. 0% the age of 51 years old above. From the salary’s profile, 4. 5% of respondents were below RM 1000, 32. 0% were between RM1001 – RM2000, 33. 0% were between RM2001 – RM 3000, 15. 5% were between RM 3001 – RM 4000, 11. 0% were between RM 4001 – RM 5000 and 4. % were RM 5001 and above. Reviewing on the sector‘s profile, 30. 0% of respondents were in the Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan & Pembangunan, 14. 5% were in Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, 16. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik, 5. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Pembangunan Kemanusiaan, 10. 0% were in Sektor Pendidikan Islam, 13. 0% were in Sektor Penilaian dan 25 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Peperiksaan, 5. 0% were in Sektor Jaminan Kualiti, 6. 5% were in Sektor Psikologi & Kaunseling and 2. 5% were in Sektor ICT. Meanwhile, in terms of used others islamic financial product, 25. % of respondent were in islamic vehicle financing, 17. 0% were in islamic house financing, 14. 0% were in islamic personal financing, 14. 5% were in islamic credit card and 29. 0% were in takaful. 26 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 2 ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY The important of the reliability of a measure is to determine the stability and consistency the questions that are distributed to the respondents. This reliability is to test the goodness of the data. Cronbach’s alpha is most common used to measure the reliability. The closer Cronbach’ s alpha is to 1, is the better.In almost every case, Cronbach’s alpha is an adequate test of internal consistency reliability. In this study, the results of reliability test are shown in the table that had separate according to each of the variables. Reliability of measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability. RELIABILITY Less than 0. 6 Range 0. 7 Over 0. 8 RANGES Poor Acceptable Good Source: Sekaran (2006) Alpha Coefficient Ranges ; 0. 6 0. 6 to ; 0. 7 0. 7 to ; 0. 8 0. 8 to ; 0. 9 0. 9 Strength of Association Poor Moderate Good Very Good Excellent Table 4. 2. 1: Ranges of Reliability 27 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 Reliability Analysis done when questions from all variables were well structured and can be understands by respondents. It happened and because the Cronbach’s Alpha for all variables higher than 0. 6. It means respondents answered the ques tions without bias, with consistent and stable. The closer Alpha value is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability. The results of all variables Reliability Analysis were shown in table below: TABLE 4. 2. 2: Reliability Output for section B – Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 952 . 952 7Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation AC : AITAB is the best choice for vehicle financing AC : Recommed AITAB contract to others AC : Will Use again AITAB contract AC : AITAB is suitable with financial planning AC : As muslim, no choice expect AITAB contract AC : Willing to switch to AITAB AC : Understanding make accepting for AITAB 23. 89 23. 92 23. 94 23. 89 23. 98 23. 92 23. 85 25. 526 25. 566 25. 619 25. 606 25. 517 26. 279 25. 860 . 871 . 864 . 852 . 844 . 853 . 742 . 829 Squared Multiple Correl ation . 803 . 795 . 812 . 806 . 744 . 591 . 730 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted . 942 . 942 . 943 . 944 . 943 . 952 . 945 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbach’s alpha for the 6 items show the reliability of 0. 952 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is excellent because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 9 is excellent. 28Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 3: Reliability Output for section C – Perception Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 892 . 893 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted PR : Known about AITAB PR : AITAB different from convensional hire purchase PR : Accordance with syariah guideline PR : Good alternative to acquire assets PR : 1% penalty charge for late payment is suitable PR : Use AITAB as first choice 19. 56 19. 34 19. 24 19. 33 19. 42 19. 10 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation 14. 570 14. 778 14. 77 16. 421 14. 788 15. 413 . 724 . 783 . 768 . 637 . 681 . 694 Squared Multiple Correlation . 615 . 716 . 689 . 426 . 550 . 574 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted . 872 . 862 . 865 . 885 . 880 . 876 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbach’s alpha for the 6 items of perception show the reliability of 0. 892 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 29 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 4: Reliability Output for section C – CompetencyReliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 859 . 861 5 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation CM : Car d ealers inform no different between AITAB and conventional hire purchase CM : Car dealers lack of information and knowladge about AITAB CM : Car dealers only thinking their sales bonus CM : Bank officer respect your dicision to use AITAB contract CM : Bank officer give good respond on request use AITAB Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted 15. 13 9. 983 .728 .628 .815 15. 14 10. 218 .671 .579 .831 14. 87 9. 846 .721 .548 .818 14. 93 11. 497 .645 .725 .838 14. 93 11. 597 .631 .727 .841Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbach’s alpha for the 5 of competency show the reliability of 0. 859 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 30 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 5: Reliability Output for section C – Awareness Reliability Statistic s Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 897 . 900 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted AW : Know existance of islamic banking AW : Know AITAB is one of islamic finance product AW : AITAB is replace for onventional hire purchase AW : Know about 1% charge if late payment AW : Know about AITAB had been use by non muslim AW : Know about last payment in AITAB is for payment buying asset 18. 80 19. 07 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation 17. 347 16. 538 . 660 . 753 Squared Multiple Correlation . 535 . 695 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted . 888 . 875 19. 20 19. 19 19. 19 17. 005 15. 592 15. 361 .756 . 734 . 745 .656 . 592 . 629 .876 . 878 . 876 19. 38 16. 085 .714 .585 .881 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbach’s alpha for the 6 items of awareness show the reliability of 0. 897 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2 010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 31Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 3 CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS Correlation analysis is used for explained whether there is an existence of association and the strength of the relationship between the independent variables (perception, competency, and awareness) towards the dependent variable (acceptance of islamic hire purchase facility). Sekaran (2006) suggested that it would be appropriated to use Pearson Correlation Matrix where it is the first issues to determine is whether the correlation coefficient is statistically significant or not significant.The rules of thumb have been proposed to characterize the strength of the association between variables, based on the absolute size of the correlation coefficient. Correlation between Are said to be 0. 8 and 1. 0 Very Strong 0. 6 and 0. 8 Strong 0. 4 and 0. 6 Moderate 0. 2 and 0. 4 Weak 0 and 0. 2 Very Weak Ta ble 4. 3. 1: Rule of Thumb of Correlation Coefficient Size 32 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Perception 1 Mean Of Acceptance . 789** . 000 200 1 200 Pearson Correlation Mean Of Perception Sig. (1-tailed) N 200 Pearson Correlation . 789** Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 00 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 2 : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Perception and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between selection decision and service quality. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 789) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p ; 0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0 . 789, p ; 0. 0001, one-tailed 33Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Competency Mean Of Competency Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N 1 200 . 724** . 000 200 Mean Of Acceptance . 724** . 000 200 1 200 Mean Of Acceptance **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 3 : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Competency and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between competency and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 24) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 724, p;0. 0001, one-tailed 34 Acceptance O f Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Awareness Pearson 1 Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) Awareness N 200 Pearson . 837** Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 000 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Mean Of Acceptance . 837** . 000 200 1 200 Table 4. 3. : Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Awareness and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between awareness and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a very strong significant relationship (0. 837) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 837 , p;0. 0001, one-tailed 35 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Stu dy among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS Regression is another technique for measuring the linear association between dependent and independent variables.It become as a subsequent after the correlation coefficient measure. Although regression and correlation are closely related, regression assumes the dependent variable is predicatively linked to the independent variable. The result of the Regression analysis were shown as below. Table 4. 4. 1 : Regressions – Model Summary Model Summaryb R Square Adjusted R Square . 753 . 750 Model 1 R . 868a Std. Error of the Estimate . 421 a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception b. Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance 4. 4. 2: ANOVA ANOVAa Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 106. 215 34. 781 140. 996 df 3 196 199 Mean Square 35. 405 . 177 F 199. 518 Sig. .000b 1 a.Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance b. Predictors: (Constant), Me an Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception 36 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 4. 3 : Coefficient Coefficientsa Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std. Beta Error . 161 . 162 . 229 . 218 . 496 Model t Sig. Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF (Constant) Mean Of . 251 . 072 Perception 1 Mean Of . 229 . 055 Competency Mean Of . 522 . 069 Awareness a. Dependent Variable: Mean Of Acceptance .997 3. 502 4. 195 7. 535 .320 . 001 . 000 . 000 . 294 . 466 . 291 3. 406 2. 144 3. 437Regression analysis were employed to test the influence of three important variable of interest namely perception, competency and awareness. The r-square statistics in the model of summary is 0. 753 or 75. 3%. This implies that 75. 3% of the variation or changes in the dependent variable i. e. acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility can be attributed to the three independent v ariables; however the remaining 24. 7% is not known and need further investigation. The significance level produced by the ANOVA table showed that the p value is less than 0. 05 implying that the model is valid and the result of the relationship is not by chance. Therefore we reject the null hypothesis.Finally, researcher found that the three independent variables, perception, competency and awareness have provided enough evidence to influence the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility. 37 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING Insignificant = Accept Null Hypothesis (Ho) / Reject Alternate Hypothesis (H1) Significant = Accept Alternate Hypothesis (H1) / Reject Null Hypothesis (Ho) P ; 0. 05 P ; 0. 05 After made several analyses to all variables for this study, all hypotheses should be discussed to determine its relevancy and whether it is supported or not. For this stu dy, Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to assess the relationship between independent and dependent variable.Hypothesis 1 (Perception) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. The result from Pearson correlation shows perception significantly has positive correlated to acceptance at the relationship (r =0. 789). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and c ompetency. The result from Pearson correlation shows competency significantly has positive correlated to acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 724). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. 38 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho: There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1: There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. The result from Pearson correlation shows awareness significantly has positive correlated to acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 837). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. 39 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter discusses the major findings of this study and to identify whether the finding met with the result conducted. Besides that, the researcher also gives some suggestions and ideas from the result. 5. 1 CONCLUSION In this research, hypothesis was initially tested by using the correlation coefficient to determine its significant level. From the analysis, the results indicated that all the three independent variables in the hypotheses were found to be significant at the 0. 01 level of significant at the (1 tailed). In order to substantiate the hypotheses, the multiple regression analysis was further analyzed. The R-square (R2) value of the model indicates 75. 3% of the variations explained the all independent variable whereas the remaining 24. % cannot be explained and needed further exploration in terms of other concepts which were not included in the study. As a conclusion, all the independent variables have relationship based on the correlation analysis. Awareness was the most factors determinant acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan followed by perception and competency. 40 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility: A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 5. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings result, the researcher has provided some of the recommendations for this study in order to overcome the problem faced.First of all, this research was successfully done to know the relationships between those independents and dependent variable. Perception Provide Islamic Hire Purchase facility (AITAB) information. Information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility should be easy to find by everybody because majority workers can effort to buy a car. Thus, information should be easily access by consume r in order to get a clear view about Islamic hire purchase facility. For example, Bank Negera Malaysia through website, information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility can be downloaded by anyone. Competency Training the staff Customer is

Elderly Co-culture Interview Essay Essays

Elderly Co-culture Interview Essay Essays Elderly Co-culture Interview Essay Paper Elderly Co-culture Interview Essay Paper â€Å"Everything has changed since I was your age† . is what my grandma had to state when asked about her experience turning up. My grandma. Mrs. Ruby Parker Sloan was born on December 6th. 1943 in a little town in Ohio. She was raised in a little farmhouse along with 4 sisters. Her female parent was a usual adult female of her clip ; one that stayed at place with the kids. cooked. cleaned and maintained the house. Her male parent was besides a usual adult male of his clip ; one that worked throughout the hours of the twenty-four hours in order to supply for his family-a adult male that had been working since the age of 9 old ages old. My grandma has raised 4 kids. including myself ; so she has seen firsthand the alterations and differences in non merely her and my coevalss. but the coevalss in between. She has experienced the alterations of racism. engineering. parenting. ethical motives. warfare and many other facets of our society. For her. she felt society as a whole has changed dramatically. One of her chief concerns of the differences of now and so was the differences in parenting. She pointed out that during her clip it was unheard of for there to be a school hiting similar to that of the Columbine or Virginia Tech incidents. She felt that had a batch to make with rearing itself ; that parents were evidently non concerned with their kids and/or non involved plenty in their lives to cognize that they were be aftering to perpetrate a mass slaying of their equals with arms stored under their ain roof. Another point that concerned her was the difference in child subject. She is a steadfast truster in â€Å"whipping† your kid instead than â€Å"no. no† and the ill-famed â€Å"five 2nd count† used by parents today. She stated that kids need to understand the effects to certain actions†¦most of which can do injury to themselves or others. One thing she said about her experience as a parent was â€Å"Some childs merely necessitate a good spankin‘â€Å" . My grandma told me that you would neer see a kid stating their parents â€Å"no† or â€Å"I hate you† during her clip. it merely didn’t happen. â€Å"There was a degree of regard between kids and their parents so. something that a batch of childs today merely don’t have any more†¦that’s the parents’ fault† is what she told me. Today’s civilization was something my grandma felt strongly about. She felt that one of the ruins of our civilization today was the publicity of sex everyplace you turn. which â€Å"especially influences the immature 1s of today† she stated. She felt that this advertisement in music. telecasting. and everyplace else you go merely teaches kids the pleasance and exhilaration of sex itself alternatively of the morality and effects involved. My grandma continued to state me a scenario where she was driving to the shop a few hebdomads ago and she heard a vocal with the chorus â€Å"birthday sex† and that the individual singing it sounded really immature. â€Å"What the snake pit is that all about† she said. â€Å"It’s awful how these grownups that promote and advertise this material are okay with it† she stated. My grandma said telecasting didn’t even show pregnant adult females on it when she was turning up. her parents besides slept in different beds during that clip. Elvis Presley was looked upon severely by parents of her clip because of the sexual nature of his dance. â€Å"You can’t even turn to the household channel without seeing a show about a pregnant adolescent or some kind of sexual thing traveling on†¦it’s merely sad† she said. She besides felt that this publicity of sex to childs and immature grownups was the cause of self esteem issues and that it was besides the perpetrator for a batch of childs these yearss â€Å"thinkin’ they’re grown because sex is such a cool and grown up thing to do† . Arouse these yearss. to her. is making nil but directing the incorrect message to immature grownups about self visual aspect and determination devising when it comes down to compensate or wrong. When my grandma was turning up engineering was. a fortunate household on the street having a black and white telecasting. There was no electronic mail. texting. cell-phones. etc. Peoples still entirely relied on the old fashioned cast and envelope method†¦or even a more advanced version†¦the wire. My grandma ever mentions how much she loves her high definition. level screen telecasting ; something she could neer conceive of bing as a kid. My grandma ever seems to be amazed by engineering today. and it besides seems she is normally 10 old ages behind the apprehension of today’s engineering. During our conversation. she continually referred to her DVD participant as a â€Å"VCR† . She besides seemed amazed by the promotion in today’s computing machine and picture games to that of even when I was a kid with a first coevals Nintendo. My grandma has been around to travel from the record participant. 8track participant. cassette participant. Cadmium participant. all the manner to the digital MP3 participants that can keep 1000s of vocals in something half the size of a deck of cards. â€Å"it merely amazes me†¦technology today†¦just imagine where it will be when you’re [ me ] my age! † she said. Talking to my grandma in an interview manner was a really interesting experience. It gave me penetration on a different clip that was experienced by someone†¦a clip that has passed and will neer be relived the same. It caused me to believe of how I am at the same point in my life that she was at my age ; it besides caused me to inquire how things will differ from today and two coevalss from now. Society has changed drastically since my grandmothers’ coevals and it will go on to turn throughout mine the same†¦hopefully for the better. but I guess it’s all about who you ask.